*rough*

n. [ OE. burgh, burw, boru, port, town, burrow, AS. burh, burg; akin to Icel., Sw., & Dan. borg, OS. & D. burg, OHG. puruc, purc, MHG. burc, G. burg, Goth. baúrgs; and from the root of AS. beorgan to hide, save, defend, G. bergen; or perh. from that of AS. beorg hill, mountain. √95. See Bury, v. t., and cf. Burrow, Burg, Bury, n., Burgess, Iceberg, Borrow, Harbor, Hauberk. ] 1. In England, an incorporated town that is not a city; also, a town that sends members to parliament; in Scotland, a body corporate, consisting of the inhabitants of a certain district, erected by the sovereign, with a certain jurisdiction; in America, an incorporated town or village, as in Pennsylvania and Connecticut. Burrill. Erskine. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. The collective body of citizens or inhabitants of a borough; as, the borough voted to lay a tax. [ 1913 Webster ]

Close borough, or
Pocket borough, a borough having the right of sending a member to Parliament, whose nomination is in the hands of a single person. --
Rotten borough, a name given to any borough which, at the time of the passage of the Reform Bill of 1832, contained but few voters, yet retained the privilege of sending a member to Parliament. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. [ See Borrow. ] (O. Eng. Law) (a) An association of men who gave pledges or sureties to the king for the good behavior of each other. (b) The pledge or surety thus given. Blackstone. Tomlins. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. (Eng. Law) A custom, as in some ancient boroughs, by which lands and tenements descend to the youngest son, instead of the eldest; or, if the owner have no issue, to the youngest brother. Blackstone. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. See Headborough. [ Obs. ] [ 1913 Webster ]

n. A headborough; a borsholder. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. [ Cf. Burgomaster. ] The mayor, governor, or bailiff of a borough. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. One who buys or sells the parliamentary seats of boroughs. [ 1913 Webster ]

{ } n. The practices of a boroughmonger. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. 1. a productive insight.
Syn. -- discovery, find. [ WordNet 1.5 ]

2. a sudden change of situation, such as making an important discovery, that permits further rapid advances toward a goal. [ WordNet 1.5 +PJC ]

3. (Mil.) a penetration of an enemy's defense in depth and strength. [ WordNet 1.5 ]

n. A light, enclosed carriage, with seats inside for two or four, and the fore wheels so arranged as to turn short. [ 1913 Webster ]

a. arranged to allow business to be transacted or sights to be seen while patrons remain in their vehicles; as, a drive-through car wash; a drive-through safari park. [ WordNet 1.5 ]

imp. of Draw. [ Obs. ] Chaucer. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. [ OE. droght, drougth, dru&yogh_;ð, AS. drugað, from drugian to dry. See Dry, and cf. Drouth, which shows the original final sound. ] 1. Dryness; want of rain or of water; especially, such dryness of the weather as affects the earth, and prevents the growth of plants; aridity. [ 1913 Webster ]

The drought of March hath pierced to the root. Chaucer. [ 1913 Webster ]

In a drought the thirsty creatures cry. Dryden. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. Thirst; want of drink. Johnson. [ 1913 Webster ]

3. Scarcity; lack. [ 1913 Webster ]

A drought of Christian writers caused a dearth of all history. Fuller. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. A state of dryness of the weather; want of rain. [ 1913 Webster ]

a. 1. Characterized by drought; wanting rain; arid; adust. [ 1913 Webster ]

Droughty and parched countries. Ray. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. Dry; thirsty; wanting drink. [ 1913 Webster ]

Thy droughty throat. Philips. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. 1. Carrying a process, plan, or project to full completion; as, I appreciated his follow-through on his promise. The term usually is used in reference to the period after some point in time at which the actor is given freedom to pursue the project. [ WordNet 1.5 +PJC ]

2. (Golf, Baseball, Tennis) The remainder of a stroke with a club, bat, or racket after the ball has been hit. [ PJC ]

A woman's broad-brimmed hat of a form thought to resemble those shown in portraits by Thomas Gainsborough, the English artist (1727-88). [ Webster 1913 Suppl. ]

{ } n. [ See Harbor. ] A shelter. [ Obs. ]. Spenser. [ 1913 Webster ]

{ } n. 1. The chief of a frankpledge, tithing, or decennary, consisting of ten families; -- called also borsholder, boroughhead, boroughholder, and sometimes tithingman. See Borsholder. [ Eng. ] Blackstone. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. (Modern Law) A petty constable. [ Eng. ] [ 1913 Webster ]

n. [ See Harborough, and Harbor. ] A harbor. [ Obs. ] B. Jonson.

a. 1. Wrought with fine art or skill; elaborate. [ Obs. ] Pope. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. Worked up, or swollen, to a high degree; as, a highwrought passion. “A high-wrought flood.” Shak. [ 1913 Webster ]

p. p. or a. [ Pref. in- + wrought. Cf. Inwork. ] Wrought or worked in or among other things; worked into any fabric so as to from a part of its texture; wrought or adorned, as with figures. [ 1913 Webster ]

His mantle hairy, and his bonnet sedge,
Inwrought with figures dim. Milton. [ 1913 Webster ]

a. Badly wrought. Bacon. [ 1913 Webster ]

p. p. & a. from Overwork. 1. Wrought upon excessively; overworked. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. Extremely agitated or excited; overexcited; -- of people. [ PJC ]

n. A penstock. [ 1913 Webster ]

adv. In a rough manner; rudely; roughly. [ 1913 Webster ]

Sleeping rough on the trenches, and dying stubbornly in their boats. Sir W. Scott. [ 1913 Webster ]

a. [ Compar. Rougher superl. Roughest. ] [ OE. rou&unr_;, rou, row, rugh, ruh, AS. r&unr_;h; akin to LG. rug, D. rug, D. ruig, ruw, OHG. r&unr_;h, G. rauh, rauch; cf. Lith. raukas wrinkle, rukti to wrinkle. √ 18. Cf. Rug, n. ] 1. Having inequalities, small ridges, or points, on the surface; not smooth or plain; as, a rough board; a rough stone; rough cloth. Specifically: (a) Not level; having a broken surface; uneven; -- said of a piece of land, or of a road. “Rough, uneven ways.” Shak. [ 1913 Webster ]

(b) Not polished; uncut; -- said of a gem; as, a rough diamond. (c) Tossed in waves; boisterous; high; -- said of a sea or other piece of water. [ 1913 Webster ]

More unequal than the roughest sea. T. Burnet. [ 1913 Webster ]

(d) Marked by coarseness; shaggy; ragged; disordered; -- said of dress, appearance, or the like; as, a rough coat. “A visage rough.” Dryden. “Roughsatyrs.” Milton. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. Hence, figuratively, lacking refinement, gentleness, or polish. Specifically: (a) Not courteous or kind; harsh; rude; uncivil; as, a rough temper. [ 1913 Webster ]

A fiend, a fury, pitiless and rough. Shak. [ 1913 Webster ]

A surly boatman, rough as wayes or winds. Prior. [ 1913 Webster ]

(b) Marked by severity or violence; harsh; hard; as, rough measures or actions. [ 1913 Webster ]

On the rough edge of battle. Milton. [ 1913 Webster ]

A quicker and rougher remedy. Clarendon. [ 1913 Webster ]

Kind words prevent a good deal of that perverseness which rough and imperious usage often produces. Locke. [ 1913 Webster ]

(c) Loud and hoarse; offensive to the ear; harsh; grating; -- said of sound, voice, and the like; as, a rough tone; rough numbers. Pope. [ 1913 Webster ]

(d) Austere; harsh to the taste; as, rough wine. (e) Tempestuous; boisterous; stormy; as, rough weather; a rough day. [ 1913 Webster ]

He stayeth his rough wind. Isa. xxvii. 8. [ 1913 Webster ]

Time and the hour runs through the roughest day. Shak. [ 1913 Webster ]

(f) Hastily or carelessly done; wanting finish; incomplete; as, a rough estimate; a rough draught. [ 1913 Webster ]

Rough diamond, an uncut diamond; hence, colloquially, a person of intrinsic worth under a rude exterior. --
Rough and ready. (a) Acting with offhand promptness and efficiency. “The rough and ready understanding.” Lowell. [ 1913 Webster ] (b) Produced offhand. “Some rough and ready theory.” Tylor. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. 1. Boisterous weather. [ Obs. ] Fletcher. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. A rude fellow; a coarse bully; a rowdy. [ 1913 Webster ]

In the rough, in an unwrought or rude condition; unpolished; as, a diamond or a sketch in the rough. [ 1913 Webster ]

Contemplating the people in the rough. Mrs. Browning. [ 1913 Webster ]

v. t. 1. To render rough; to roughen. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. To break in, as a horse, especially for military purposes. Crabb. [ 1913 Webster ]

3. To cut or make in a hasty, rough manner; -- with out; as, to rough out a carving, a sketch. [ 1913 Webster ]

Roughing rolls, rolls for reducing, in a rough manner, a bloom of iron to bars. --
To rough it, to endure hard conditions of living; to live without ordinary comforts. [ 1913 Webster ]

v. t. 1. To form in its first rudiments, without revision, correction, or polish. Dryden. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. To mold without nicety or elegance; to form with asperities and inequalities. [ 1913 Webster ]

3. To plaster with a mixture of lime and shells or pebbles; as, to roughcast a building. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. 1. A rude model; the rudimentary, unfinished form of a thing. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. A kind of plastering made of lime, with a mixture of shells or pebbles, used for covering buildings. Shak. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. One who roughcasts. [ 1913 Webster ]

v. t. To draw or delineate rapidly and by way of a first sketch. [ 1913 Webster ]

v. t. in laundry work, to dry without smoothing or ironing. [ 1913 Webster ]

v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Roughened p. pr. & vb. n. Roughening. ] [ From Rough. ] To make rough. [ 1913 Webster ]

v. i. To grow or become rough. [ 1913 Webster ]

a. (Zool.) Feather-footed; as, a rough-footed dove. [ R. ] Sherwood. [ 1913 Webster ]

a. Having a rough grain or fiber; hence, figuratively, having coarse traits of character; not polished; brisque. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. (Zool.) The redfin. [ 1913 Webster ]

v. t. 1. To hew coarsely, without smoothing; as, to roughhew timber. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. To give the first form or shape to; to form rudely; to shape approximately and rudely; to roughcast. [ 1913 Webster ]

There's a divinity that shapes our ends,
Roughhew them how we will. Shak. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. One who roughhews. [ 1913 Webster ]

a. 1. Hewn coarsely without smoothing; unfinished; not polished. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. Of coarse manners; rude; uncultivated; rough-grained. “A roughhewn seaman.” Bacon. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. The first coat of plaster laid on brick; also, the process of applying it. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. pl. Rowen. [ Prov. Eng. ] [ 1913 Webster ]

a. Somewhat rough. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. (Zool.) Any one of several species of large hawks of the genus Archibuteo, having the legs feathered to the toes. Called also rough-legged hawk, and rough-legged buzzard. [ 1913 Webster ]

☞ The best known species is Archibuteo lagopus of Northern Europe, with its darker American variety (Sancti-johannis). The latter is often nearly or quite black. The ferruginous roughleg (Archibuteo ferrugineus) inhabits Western North America. [ 1913 Webster ]

a. (Zool.) Having the legs covered with feathers; -- said of a bird. [ 1913 Webster ]

rough-legged hawk. (Zool.) See Roughleg. [ 1913 Webster ]

adv. In a rough manner; unevenly; harshly; rudely; severely; austerely. [ 1913 Webster ]