-groundings-

n. [ Back, a. + ground. ] [ 1913 Webster ]

1. Ground in the rear or behind, or in the distance, as opposed to the foreground, or the ground in front. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. (Paint.) The space which is behind and subordinate to a portrait or group of figures. [ 1913 Webster ]

☞ The distance in a picture is usually divided into foreground, middle distance, and background. Fairholt. [ 1913 Webster ]

3. Anything behind, serving as a foil; as, the statue had a background of red hangings. [ 1913 Webster ]

4. A place in obscurity or retirement, or out of sight. [ 1913 Webster ]

I fancy there was a background of grinding and waiting before Miss Torry could produce this highly finished . . . performance. Mrs. Alexander. [ 1913 Webster ]

A husband somewhere in the background. Thackeray. [ 1913 Webster ]

5. The set of conditions within which an action takes place, including the social and physical conditions as well as the psychological states of the participants; as, within the background of the massive budget deficits of the 1980's, new spending programs had little chance of passage by the congress. [ PJC ]

6. The set of conditions that precede and affect an action, such as the social and historical precedents for the event, as well as the general background{ 5 }; as, against the background of their expulsion by the Serbs, the desire of Kosovars for vengeance is understandable though regrettable. [ PJC ]

7. (Science) The signals that may be detected by a measurement which are not due to the phenomenon being studied, and tend to make the measurement uncertain to a greater or lesser degree. Specifically: (Physics) Electronic noise present in a system using electronic measuring instrument or in a telecommunications system, which may hide and which must be differentiated from the desired signal; also called background noise or noise. [ PJC ]

8. (Journalism) An agreement between a journalist and an interviewee that the name of the interviewee will not be quoted in any publication, although the substance of the remarks may be reported; -- often used in the phrase “on background”. Compare deep background. [ PJC ]

To place in the background, to make of little consequence.
To keep in the background, to remain unobtrusive, inconspicuous or out of sight; -- of people.
deep background, (Journalism) the status of an interview which must not be quoted in a publication, even without attribution. Compare background{ 8 }. [ 1913 Webster +PJC ]

n. (Computers) The execution of low priority programs while higher priority programs are not using the processing system.
Syn. -- background processing [ WordNet 1.5 ]

n. a region where a battle is fought; same as battlefield.
Syn. -- battlefield, field of battle, field. [ WordNet 1.5 ]

n. an area on which a drove of cattle or sheep can sleep for a night. [ WordNet 1.5 ]

{ }. The ground or place for burying the dead; burial place. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. an open area for holding fairs or exhibitions or circuses. Often used in plural. [ WordNet 1.5 ]

n. pl. same as fairground. [ PJC ]

n. On a painting, and sometimes in a bas-relief, mosaic picture, or the like, that part of the scene represented, which is nearest to the spectator, and therefore occupies the lowest part of the work of art itself. Cf. Distance, n., 6. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. [ OE. ground, grund, AS. grund; akin to D. grond, OS., G., Sw., & Dan. grund, Icel. grunnr bottom, Goth. grundus (in composition); perh. orig. meaning, dust, gravel, and if so perh. akin to E. grind. ] 1. The surface of the earth; the outer crust of the globe, or some indefinite portion of it. [ 1913 Webster ]

There was not a man to till the ground. Gen. ii. 5. [ 1913 Webster ]

The fire ran along upon the ground. Ex. ix. 23.

Hence: A floor or pavement supposed to rest upon the earth. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. Any definite portion of the earth's surface; region; territory; country. Hence: A territory appropriated to, or resorted to, for a particular purpose; the field or place of action; as, a hunting or fishing ground; a play ground. [ 1913 Webster ]

From . . . old Euphrates, to the brook that parts Egypt from Syrian ground. Milton. [ 1913 Webster ]

3. Land; estate; possession; field; esp. (pl.), the gardens, lawns, fields, etc., belonging to a homestead; as, the grounds of the estate are well kept. [ 1913 Webster ]

Thy next design is on thy neighbor's grounds. Dryden. 4. [ 1913 Webster ]

4. The basis on which anything rests; foundation. Hence: The foundation of knowledge, belief, or conviction; a premise, reason, or datum; ultimate or first principle; cause of existence or occurrence; originating force or agency; as, the ground of my hope. [ 1913 Webster ]

5. (Paint. & Decorative Art) (a) That surface upon which the figures of a composition are set, and which relieves them by its plainness, being either of one tint or of tints but slightly contrasted with one another; as, crimson Bowers on a white ground. See Background, Foreground, and Middle-ground. (b) In sculpture, a flat surface upon which figures are raised in relief. (c) In point lace, the net of small meshes upon which the embroidered pattern is applied; as, Brussels ground. See Brussels lace, under Brussels. [ 1913 Webster ]

6. (Etching) A gummy composition spread over the surface of a metal to be etched, to prevent the acid from eating except where an opening is made by the needle. [ 1913 Webster ]

7. (Arch.) One of the pieces of wood, flush with the plastering, to which moldings, etc., are attached; -- usually in the plural. [ 1913 Webster ]

☞ Grounds are usually put up first and the plastering floated flush with them. [ 1913 Webster ]

8. (Mus.) (a) A composition in which the bass, consisting of a few bars of independent notes, is continually repeated to a varying melody. (b) The tune on which descants are raised; the plain song. Moore (Encyc.). [ 1913 Webster ]

On that ground I'll build a holy descant. Shak. [ 1913 Webster ]

9. (Elec.) A conducting connection with the earth, whereby the earth is made part of an electrical circuit. [ 1913 Webster ]

10. pl. Sediment at the bottom of liquors or liquids; dregs; lees; feces; as, coffee grounds. [ 1913 Webster ]

11. The pit of a theater. [ Obs. ] B. Jonson. [ 1913 Webster ]

Ground angling, angling with a weighted line without a float. --
Ground annual (Scots Law), an estate created in land by a vassal who instead of selling his land outright reserves an annual ground rent, which becomes a perpetual charge upon the land. --
Ground ash. (Bot.) See Groutweed. --
Ground bailiff (Mining), a superintendent of mines. Simmonds. --
Ground bait, bits of bread, boiled barley or worms, etc., thrown into the water to collect the fish, Wallon. --
Ground bass or
Ground base (Mus.), fundamental base; a fundamental base continually repeated to a varied melody. --
Ground beetle (Zool.), one of numerous species of carnivorous beetles of the family Carabidæ, living mostly in burrows or under stones, etc. --
Ground chamber, a room on the ground floor. --
Ground cherry. (Bot.) (a) A genus (Physalis) of herbaceous plants having an inflated calyx for a seed pod: esp., the strawberry tomato (Physalis Alkekengi). See Alkekengl. (b) A European shrub (Prunus Chamæcerasus), with small, very acid fruit. --
Ground cuckoo. (Zool.) See Chaparral cock. --
Ground cypress. (Bot.) See Lavender cotton. --
Ground dove (Zool.), one of several small American pigeons of the genus Columbigallina, esp. C. passerina of the Southern United States, Mexico, etc. They live chiefly on the ground. --
Ground fish (Zool.), any fish which constantly lives on the botton of the sea, as the sole, turbot, halibut. --
Ground floor, the floor of a house most nearly on a level with the ground; -- called also in America, but not in England, the first floor. --
Ground form (Gram.), the stem or basis of a word, to which the other parts are added in declension or conjugation. It is sometimes, but not always, the same as the root. --
Ground furze (Bot.), a low slightly thorny, leguminous shrub (Ononis arvensis) of Europe and Central Asia, ; -- called also rest-harrow. --
Ground game, hares, rabbits, etc., as distinguished from winged game. --
Ground hele (Bot.), a perennial herb (Veronica officinalis) with small blue flowers, common in Europe and America, formerly thought to have curative properties. --
Ground of the heavens (Astron.), the surface of any part of the celestial sphere upon which the stars may be regarded as projected. --
Ground hemlock (Bot.), the yew (Taxus baccata var. Canadensisi) of eastern North America, distinguished from that of Europe by its low, straggling stems. --
Ground hog. (Zool.) (a) The woodchuck or American marmot (Arctomys monax). See Woodchuck. (b) The aardvark. --
Ground hold (Naut.), ground tackle. [ Obs. ] Spenser. --
Ground ice, ice formed at the bottom of a body of water before it forms on the surface. --
Ground ivy. (Bot.) A trailing plant; alehoof. See Gill. --
Ground joist, a joist for a basement or ground floor; a. sleeper. --
Ground lark (Zool.), the European pipit. See Pipit. --
Ground laurel (Bot.). See Trailing arbutus, under Arbutus. --
Ground line (Descriptive Geom.), the line of intersection of the horizontal and vertical planes of projection. --
Ground liverwort (Bot.), a flowerless plant with a broad flat forking thallus and the fruit raised on peduncled and radiated receptacles (Marchantia polymorpha). --
Ground mail, in Scotland, the fee paid for interment in a churchyard. --
Ground mass (Geol.), the fine-grained or glassy base of a rock, in which distinct crystals of its constituents are embedded. --
Ground parrakeet (Zool.), one of several Australian parrakeets, of the genera Callipsittacus and Geopsittacus, which live mainly upon the ground. --
Ground pearl (Zool.), an insect of the family Coccidæ (Margarodes formicarum), found in ants' nests in the Bahamas, and having a shelly covering. They are strung like beads, and made into necklaces by the natives. --
Ground pig (Zool.), a large, burrowing, African rodent (Aulacodus Swinderianus) about two feet long, allied to the porcupines but with harsh, bristly hair, and no spines; -- called also ground rat. --
Ground pigeon (Zool.), one of numerous species of pigeons which live largely upon the ground, as the tooth-billed pigeon (Didunculus strigirostris), of the Samoan Islands, and the crowned pigeon, or goura. See Goura, and Ground dove (above). --
Ground pine. (Bot.) (a) A blue-flowered herb of the genus Ajuga (A. Chamæpitys), formerly included in the genus Teucrium or germander, and named from its resinous smell. Sir J. Hill. (b) A long, creeping, evergreen plant of the genus Lycopodium (L. clavatum); -- called also club moss. (c) A tree-shaped evergreen plant about eight inches in height, of the same genus (L. dendroideum) found in moist, dark woods in the northern part of the United States. Gray. --
Ground plan (Arch.), a plan of the ground floor of any building, or of any floor, as distinguished from an elevation or perpendicular section. --
Ground plane, the horizontal plane of projection in perspective drawing. --
Ground plate. (a) (Arch.) One of the chief pieces of framing of a building; a timber laid horizontally on or near the ground to support the uprights; a ground sill or groundsel. (b) (Railroads) A bed plate for sleepers or ties; a mudsill. (c) (Teleg.) A metallic plate buried in the earth to conduct the electric current thereto. Connection to the pipes of a gas or water main is usual in cities. Knight. --
Ground plot, the ground upon which any structure is erected; hence, any basis or foundation; also, a ground plan. --
Ground plum (Bot.), a leguminous plant (Astragalus caryocarpus) occurring from the Saskatchewan to Texas, and having a succulent plum-shaped pod. --
Ground rat. (Zool.) See Ground pig (above). --
Ground rent, rent paid for the privilege of building on another man's land. --
Ground robin. (Zool.) See Chewink. --
Ground room, a room on the ground floor; a lower room. Tatler. --
Ground sea, the West Indian name for a swell of the ocean, which occurs in calm weather and without obvious cause, breaking on the shore in heavy roaring billows; -- called also rollers, and in Jamaica, the North sea. --
Ground sill. See Ground plate (a) (above). --
Ground snake (Zool.), a small burrowing American snake (Celuta amœna). It is salmon colored, and has a blunt tail. --
Ground squirrel. (Zool.) (a) One of numerous species of burrowing rodents of the genera Tamias and Spermophilus, having cheek pouches. The former genus includes the Eastern striped squirrel or chipmunk and some allied Western species; the latter includes the prairie squirrel or striped gopher, the gray gopher, and many allied Western species. See Chipmunk, and Gopher. (b) Any species of the African genus Xerus, allied to Tamias. --
Ground story. Same as Ground floor (above). --
Ground substance (Anat.), the intercellular substance, or matrix, of tissues. --
Ground swell. (a) (Bot.) The plant groundsel. [ Obs. ] Holland. (b) A broad, deep swell or undulation of the ocean, caused by a long continued gale, and felt even at a remote distance after the gale has ceased. --
Ground table. (Arch.) See Earth table, under Earth. --
Ground tackle (Naut.), the tackle necessary to secure a vessel at anchor. Totten. --
Ground thrush (Zool.), one of numerous species of bright-colored Oriental birds of the family Pittidæ. See Pitta. --
Ground tier. (a) The lowest tier of water casks in a vessel's hold. Totten. (b) The lowest line of articles of any kind stowed in a vessel's hold. (c) The lowest range of boxes in a theater. --
Ground timbers (Shipbuilding) the timbers which lie on the keel and are bolted to the keelson; floor timbers. Knight. --
Ground tit. (Zool.) See Ground wren (below). --
Ground wheel, that wheel of a harvester, mowing machine, etc., which, rolling on the ground, drives the mechanism. --
Ground wren (Zool.), a small California bird (Chamæa fasciata) allied to the wrens and titmice. It inhabits the arid plains. Called also ground tit, and wren tit. --
To bite the ground,
To break ground. See under Bite, Break. --
To come to the ground,
To fall to the ground, to come to nothing; to fail; to miscarry. --
To gain ground. (a) To advance; to proceed forward in conflict; as, an army in battle gains ground. (b) To obtain an advantage; to have some success; as, the army gains ground on the enemy. (c) To gain credit; to become more prosperous or influential. --
To get ground, or
To gather ground, to gain ground. [ R. ] “Evening mist . . . gathers ground fast.” Milton. [ 1913 Webster ] There is no way for duty to prevail, and get ground of them, but by bidding higher. South. --
To give ground, to recede; to yield advantage. [ 1913 Webster ] These nine . . . began to give me ground. Shak. --
To lose ground, to retire; to retreat; to withdraw from the position taken; hence, to lose advantage; to lose credit or reputation; to decline. --
To stand one's ground, to stand firm; to resist attack or encroachment. Atterbury. --
To take the ground to touch bottom or become stranded; -- said of a ship. [ 1913 Webster ]

v. t. [ imp. & p. p. grounded; p. pr. & vb. n. grounding. ] 1. To lay, set, or run, on the ground. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. To found; to fix or set, as on a foundation, reason, or principle; to furnish a ground for; to fix firmly. [ 1913 Webster ]

Being rooted and grounded in love. Eph. iii. 17. [ 1913 Webster ]

So far from warranting any inference to the existence of a God, would, on the contrary, ground even an argument to his negation. Sir W. Hamilton [ 1913 Webster ]

3. To instruct in elements or first principles. [ 1913 Webster ]

4. (Elec.) To connect with the ground so as to make the earth a part of an electrical circuit. [ 1913 Webster ]

5. (Fine Arts) To cover with a ground, as a copper plate for etching (see Ground, n., 5); or as paper or other materials with a uniform tint as a preparation for ornament. [ 1913 Webster ]

6. To forbid (a pilot) to fly an airplane; -- usually as a disciplinary measure, or for reasons of ill health sufficient to interfere with performance. [ PJC ]

7. To forbid (aircraft) to fly; -- usually due to the unsafe condition of the aircraft or lack of conformity to safety regulations; as, the discovery of a crack in the wing of a Trijet caused the whole fleeet to be grounded for inspection. [ PJC ]

8. To temporarily restrict the activities of (a child), especially social activity outside the house; -- usually for bad or unsatisfactory conduct; as, Johnny was grounded for fighting at school and can't go to the movies for two weeks. [ PJC ]

v. i. To run aground; to strike the bottom and remain fixed; as, the ship grounded on the bar. [ 1913 Webster ]

imp. & p. p. of Grind. [ 1913 Webster ]

ground cock, a cock, the plug of which is ground into its seat, as distinguished from a compression cock. Knight. --
Ground glass, glass the transparency of which has been destroyed by having its surface roughened by grinding. --
Ground joint, a close joint made by grinding together two pieces, as of metal with emery and oil, or of glass with fine sand and water. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. A local tax paid by a ship for the ground or space it occupies while in port. Bouvier. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. A small prostrate or ascending shrub (Astroloma humifusum) having scarlet flowers and thin-fleshed succulent fruit resembling cranberries; sometimes placed in the genus Styphelia.
Syn. -- native cranberry, cranberry heath, Astroloma humifusum, Styphelia humifusum. [ WordNet 1.5 ]

2. A creeping shrub of eastern North America (Gaultheria procumbens) having white bell-shaped flowers followed by spicy red berrylike fruit and shiny aromatic leaves that yield wintergreen oil.
Syn. -- teaberry, wintergreen, checkerberry, mountain tea, creeping wintergreen, Gaultheria procumbens. [ WordNet 1.5 ]

n. The ceremonial breaking of the ground to formally begin a construction project. It is sometimes carried out by an official who digs the first spadeful of dirt from the ground, to begin the preparatory excavation work.
Syn. -- groundbreaking ceremony. [ WordNet 1.5 ]

n. 1. low-growing plants planted in deep shade or on a steep slope where turf is difficult to grow. [ WordNet 1.5 ]

2. small plants other than saplings growing on a forest floor.
Syn. -- ground cover, undergrowth. [ WordNet 1.5 ]

adv. In a grounded or firmly established manner. Glanvill. [ 1913 Webster ]

obs. p. p. of Grind. Chaucer. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. (Baseball) A batted ball that hits the ground before it leaves the infield, or the act of hitting a baseball along the ground; also called ground ball; -- contrasted with fly or fly ball.
Syn. -- . [ WordNet 1.5 ]

n. sing. & pl. Fish that live on the sea bottom, especially commercially important gadoid fishes like cod and haddock or flatfish like flounder.
Syn. -- bottom fish. [ WordNet 1.5 ]

n. A reddish brown North American burrowing marmot (Marmota monax), also called the woodchuck. It hibernates in the winter.
Syn. -- woodchuck, Marmota monax. [ WordNet 1.5 ]

n. 1. The act, method, or process of laying a groundwork or foundation. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. Hence: [ Nominalized form of ground{ 3 }, v. t. ] Elementary instruction; instruction in the basic concepts of a topic or skill. [ PJC ]

3. The act or process of applying a ground, as of color, to wall paper, cotton cloth, etc.; a basis. [ 1913 Webster ]

a. [ AS. grundleás bottomless. ] Without ground or foundation; wanting cause or reason for support; not authorized; false; baseless; as, groundless fear; a groundless report, rumor, or assertion. -- Ground"less*ly, adv. -- Ground"less*ness, n.

n. [ Ground + -ling. ] 1. (Zool.) A fish that keeps at the bottom of the water, as the loach. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. A spectator in the pit of a theater, which formerly was on the ground, and without floor or benches. [ 1913 Webster ]

No comic buffoon to make the groundlings laugh. Coleridge. [ 1913 Webster ]

adv. Solidly; deeply; thoroughly. [ Obs. ] [ 1913 Webster ]

Those whom princes do once groundly hate, Let them provide to die as sure us fate. Marston. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. (Bot.) (a) The fruit of the Arachis hypogæa (native country uncertain); the peanut; the earthnut. (b) A leguminous, twining plant (Apios tuberosa), producing clusters of dark purple flowers and having a root tuberous and pleasant to the taste. (c) The dwarf ginseng (Aralia trifolia). [ U. S. ] Gray. (d) A European plant of the genus Bunium (B. flexuosum), having an edible root of a globular shape and sweet, aromatic taste; -- called also earthnut, earth chestnut, hawknut, and pignut. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. [ OE. grundswilie, AS. grundeswylige, grundeswelge, earlier gundiswilge; gund matter, pus + swelgan to swallow. So named as being good for a running from the eye. See Swallow, v. ] (Bot.) An annual composite plant (Senecio vulgaris), one of the most common and widely distributed weeds on the globe.

n. a piece of waterproofed cloth spread on the ground (as under a tent) to protect the occupants from moisture.
Syn. -- ground cloth. [ WordNet 1.5 ]

/mhw>, n. [ Ground + sill. ] See Ground plate (a), under Ground [ 1913 Webster ]

n. 1. A long, deep wave in the sea, sometimes caused by distant winds or storms. [ PJC ]

2. A rising sentiment of support or enthusiasm, especially among the general public; as, a groundswell of opinion favoring campaign finance reform. [ PJC ]

n. That which forms the foundation or support of anything; the basis; the essential or fundamental part; first principle; as, development of a convenient DNA sequencing technique layed the groundwork for many of the subsequent advances in molecular genetics. Dryden. [ 1913 Webster +PJC ]

n. A common black-striped reddish-brown ground squirrel (Citellus lateralis) of western North America, resembling a large chipmunk. [ WordNet 1.5 ]

n. (Paint.) That part of a picture between the foreground and the background. [ 1913 Webster ]

v. t. To found erroneously. “Misgrounded conceit.” Bp. Hall. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. Ground situated at a distance from the house; outlying land. [ 1913 Webster ]

a. Situated over or above ground; as, the overground portion of a plant. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. A piece of ground used for recreation; as, the playground of a school. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. Same as stamping ground. See under stamp. [ PJC ]

. (Golf) The space from within which the ball must be struck in beginning the play for each hole. [ Webster 1913 Suppl. ]

n. 1. The place or space beneath the surface of the ground; subterranean space. [ 1913 Webster ]

A spirit raised from depth of underground. Shak. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. a subway or subway system, especially in the United Kingdom. [ chiefly British ] [ PJC ]

3. a secret organization opposed to the prevailing government; as, the French underground during the Nazi occupation. [ PJC ]

4. a group or movement holding unorthodox views in an environment where conventional ideas dominate, as in artistic circles. [ PJC ]

a. 1. Being below the surface of the ground; as, an underground story or apartment. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. Done or occurring out of sight; secret. [ Colloq. ] [ 1913 Webster ]

Underground railroad or
Underground railway. See under Railroad. [ 1913 Webster ]

adv. Beneath the surface of the earth. [ 1913 Webster ]

. Wildcat insurance. [ Webster 1913 Suppl. ]

v. t. To coved over in the season of winter, as for protection or shelter; as, to winter-ground the roods of a plant. [ 1913 Webster ]

The ruddock would . . . bring thee all this,
Yea, and furred moss besides, when flowers are none
To winter-ground thy corse. Shak. [ 1913 Webster ]