*thesis*

‖n. See Anaesthesia. [ 1913 Webster ]

‖n. [ Gr. &unr_; bloom, fr. 'anqei^n to bloom, 'a`nqos flower. ] (Bot.) The period or state of full expansion in a flower. Gray. [ 1913 Webster ]

‖n. [ NL., fr. Gr. &unr_;. ] (Rhet.) An antithesis in which the members are repeated in inverse order. [ 1913 Webster ]

n.; pl. Antitheses. /plu> [ L., fr. Gr. &unr_;, fr. &unr_; to set against, to oppose; 'anti` against + &unr_; to set. See Thesis. ] 1. (Rhet.) An opposition or contrast of words or sentiments occurring in the same sentence; as, “The prodigal robs his heir; the miser robs himself.” “He had covertly shot at Cromwell; he how openly aimed at the Queen.” [ 1913 Webster ]

2. The second of two clauses forming an antithesis. [ 1913 Webster ]

3. Opposition; contrast. [ 1913 Webster ]

‖n. [ Gr. 'apo`qesis a putting back or away, fr. 'apotiqe`nai. See Apothecary. ] (Arch.) (a) A place on the south side of the chancel in the primitive churches, furnished with shelves, for books, vestments, etc. Weale. (b) A dressing room connected with a public bath. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. 1. production of a chemical compound by a living organism.
Syn. -- biogenesis. [ WordNet 1.5 ]

2. the production of chemical substances by use of reagents or enzymes derived from living organisms, in reactions modeled on those observed in living organisms. [ PJC ]

n. [ Chemical + synthesis. ] (Plant Physiol.) Synthesis of organic compounds by energy derived from chemical changes or reactions. Chemosynthesis of carbohydrates occurs in the nitrite bacteria through the oxidation of ammonia to nitrous acid, and in the nitrate bacteria through the conversion of nitrous into nitric acid. -- Chem`o*syn*thet"ic a. [Webster 1913 Suppl.]

‖n. [ NL., fr. Gr. koino`s common + &unr_; sensation. ] (Physiol.) Common sensation or general sensibility, as distinguished from the special sensations which are located in, or ascribed to, separate organs, as the eye and ear. It is supposed to depend on the ganglionic system. [ 1913 Webster ]

‖n. [ NL., fr. Gr. &unr_;, fr. &unr_; to place separately, arrange; dia` through, asunder + &unr_; to place, put. ] (Med.) Bodily condition or constitution, esp. a morbid habit which predisposes to a particular disease, or class of diseases. [ 1913 Webster ]

‖n.; pl. Epentheses [ L., fr. Gr. &unr_;; 'epi` + &unr_; to put or set in. ] (Gram.) The insertion of a letter or a sound in the body of a word; as, the b in “nimble” from AS. nēmol. [ 1913 Webster ]

‖n. [ NL., fr. Gr. &unr_; a putting on; 'epi` upon + &unr_; to place. ] The addition of a letter at the end of a word, without changing its sense; as, numb for num, whilst for whiles. [ 1913 Webster ]

‖n. [ NL., from Gr. &unr_; . See Exanthema. ] (Med.) An eruption of the skin; cutaneous efflorescence. [ 1913 Webster ]

n.; pl. Hypotheses [ NL., fr. Gr. &unr_; foundation, supposition, fr. &unr_; to place under, &unr_; under + &unr_; to put. See Hypo-, Thesis. ] 1. A supposition; a proposition or principle which is supposed or taken for granted, in order to draw a conclusion or inference for proof of the point in question; something not proved, but assumed for the purpose of argument, or to account for a fact or an occurrence; as, the hypothesis that head winds detain an overdue steamer. [ 1913 Webster ]

An hypothesis being a mere supposition, there are no other limits to hypotheses than those of the human imagination. J. S. Mill. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. (Natural Science) A tentative theory or supposition provisionally adopted to explain certain facts, and to guide in the investigation of others; hence, frequently called a working hypothesis.

Syn. -- Supposition; assumption. See Theory. [ 1913 Webster ]

Nebular hypothesis. See under Nebular.

n. [ NL., fr. Gr. kinei^n to move + &unr_; perception. ] (Physiol.) The perception attendant upon the movements of the muscles; the sensation accompanying movement of the muscles. [ Also spelled kin`es*the"sia and kin`es*the"sis. ] Bastian. [ 1913 Webster ]

See kinaesthesia, kinaesthesis, and kinaesthetic. [ PJC ]

‖n. [ L., fr. Gr. &unr_;, from &unr_;, &unr_;, to learn. ] Learning; especially, mathematics. [ R. ] Pope. [ 1913 Webster ]

n.; pl. Metatheses [ L., fr. Gr. meta`qesis, fr. metatiqe`nai to place differently, to transpose; meta` beyond, over + tiqe`nai to place, set. See Thesis. ] 1. (Gram.) Transposition, as of the letters or syllables of a word; as, pistris for pristis; meagre for meager. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. (Med.) A mere change in place of a morbid substance, without removal from the body. [ 1913 Webster ]

3. (Chem.) The act, process, or result of exchange, substitution, or replacement of atoms and radicals; thus, by metathesis an acid gives up all or part of its hydrogen, takes on an equivalent amount of a metal or base, and forms a salt. [ 1913 Webster ]

‖n.; pl. Paratheses [ NL., from Gr. &unr_; a putting beside, from &unr_; to put beside. ] [ 1913 Webster ]

1. (Gram.) The placing of two or more nouns in the same case; apposition. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. (Rhet.) A parenthetical notice, usually of matter to be afterward expanded. Smart. [ 1913 Webster ]

3. (Print.) The matter contained within brackets. [ 1913 Webster ]

4. (Eccl.) A commendatory prayer. Shipley. [ 1913 Webster ]

n.; pl. Parentheses [ NL., fr. Gr. pare`nqesis, fr. parentiqe`nai to put in beside, insert; para` beside + 'en in + tiqe`nai to put, place. See Para-, En-, 2, and Thesis. ] [ 1913 Webster ]

1. A word, phrase, or sentence, by way of comment or explanation, inserted in, or attached to, a sentence which would be grammatically complete without it. It is usually inclosed within curved lines (see def. 2 below), or dashes. “Seldom mentioned without a derogatory parenthesis.” Sir T. Browne. [ 1913 Webster ]

Don't suffer every occasional thought to carry you away into a long parenthesis. Watts. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. (Print.) One of the curved lines () which inclose a parenthetic word or phrase. [ 1913 Webster ]

☞ Parenthesis, in technical grammar, is that part of a sentence which is inclosed within the recognized sign; but many phrases and sentences which are punctuated by commas are logically parenthetical. In def. 1, the phrase “by way of comment or explanation” is inserted for explanation, and the sentence would be grammatically complete without it. The present tendency is to avoid using the distinctive marks, except when confusion would arise from a less conspicuous separation. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. (Plant Physiol.) The process of constructive metabolism in which green plants utilize the energy of sunlight to manufacture carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll. It was formerly called assimilation, but this is now commonly used as in animal physiology. -- Pho`to*syn*thet"ic a. -- Pho`to*syn*thet"ic*al*ly adv. [ Webster 1913 Suppl. ]

In green plants water is absorbed by the roots and carried to the leaves by the xylem, and carbon dioxide is obtained from air that enters the leaves through the stomata and diffuses to the cells containing chlorophyll. The green pigment chlorophyll is uniquely capable of converting the active energy of light into a latent form that can be stored (in food) and used when needed.
The initial process in photosynthesis is the decomposition of water (H2O) into oxygen, which is released, and hydrogen; direct light is required for this process. The hydrogen and the carbon and oxygen of carbon dioxide (CO2) are then converted into a series of increasingly complex compounds that result finally in a stable organic compound, glucose (C6H12O6 ), and water. This phase of photosynthesis utilizes stored energy and therefore can proceed in the dark. The simplified equation used to represent this overall process is 6CO2+12H2O+energy=C6H12O6+6O2+6H2 O. In general, the results of this process are the reverse of those in respiration, in which carbohydrates are oxidized to release energy, with the production of carbon dioxide and water.
The intermediary reactions before glucose is formed involve several enzymes, which react with the coenzyme ATP (see adenosine triphosphate ) to produce various molecules. Studies using radioactive carbon have indicated that among the intermediate products are three-carbon molecules from which acids and amino acids, as well as glucose, are derived.
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0860378.html

The role of chlorophyll
Chlorophyll contains a hydrophyllic head group and a hydrophobic tail region. A magnesium atom is held in the center of a cyclic, conjugated double bond porphyrin ring which is responsible for absorbing red light. (There also is an absorption band in the blue. Thus red and blue are absorbed and green passes through, giving plants a characteristic green color.)
Light is absorbed by antenna chlorophyll molecules, then transferred to the reaction center chlorophylls. Some hundreds of antenna chlorophyll molecules transfer energy to a reaction center, with transfer times of about 10^-10 sec from the edge of the unit to the center.
The energy from light is used to pump H+ ions from the stroma into the thylakoid space and to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. Flow of H+ back into the stroma releases energy which is used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP. The chemiosmotic coupling is working here in a similar way to the mechanism of ATP generation used in mitochondria.

Carbon Fixation Carbon fixation is catalyzed by ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBP carboxylase), the world's most abundent enzyme.
The
Calvin cycle combines three carbon dioxide molecules into one molecule of three carbon glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Some plants, particularly many which live in hot, dry climates, have a mechanism for storing carbon dioxide by combining it with a three carbon molecule to form a four carbon molecule. This pathway is known as the C4 or Hatch-Slack pathway.
https://web.archive.org/web/20011111194455/http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Tom/bil255/bil255sum98/17_photo.html [ PJC ]

n. [ Poly- + synthesis. ] 1. The act or process of combining many separate elements into a whole. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. (Philol.) The formation of a word by the combination of several simple words, as in the aboriginal languages of America; agglutination. Latham. [ 1913 Webster ]

‖n. [ L., fr. Gr. &unr_; an addition, fr. &unr_; to put to, to add; &unr_; to + &unr_; to put, place. ] 1. (Surg.) The addition to the human body of some artificial part, to replace one that is wanting, as a log or an eye; -- called also prothesis. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. (Gram.) The prefixing of one or more letters to the beginning of a word, as in beloved. [ 1913 Webster ]

‖n. [ NL., fr. Gr. &unr_; a placing in public, fr. &unr_; to set before; &unr_; before + &unr_; to set, put. ] 1. (Eccl.) A credence table; -- so called by the Eastern or Greek Church. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. (Med.) See Prosthesis. Dunglison. [ 1913 Webster ]

‖n. [ NL., fr. Gr. sy`n with + Gr. 'a`nqhsis bloom. ] (Bot.) The simultaneous maturity of the anthers and stigmas of a blossom. Gray. [ 1913 Webster ]

n.; pl. Syntheses [ L., a mixture, properly, a putting together, Gr. &unr_;, fr. &unr_; to place or put together; sy`n with + &unr_; to place. See Thesis. ] 1. Composition, or the putting of two or more things together, as in compounding medicines. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. (Chem.) The art or process of making a compound by putting the ingredients together, as contrasted with analysis; thus, water is made by synthesis from hydrogen and oxygen; hence, specifically, the building up of complex compounds by special reactions, whereby their component radicals are so grouped that the resulting substances are identical in every respect with the natural articles when such occur; thus, artificial alcohol, urea, indigo blue, alizarin, etc., are made by synthesis. [ 1913 Webster ]

3. (Logic) The combination of separate elements of thought into a whole, as of simple into complex conceptions, species into genera, individual propositions into systems; -- the opposite of analysis. [ 1913 Webster ]

Analysis and synthesis, though commonly treated as two different methods, are, if properly understood, only the two necessary parts of the same method. Each is the relative and correlative of the other. Sir W. Hamilton. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. One who employs synthesis, or who follows synthetic methods. [ 1913 Webster ]