syntheses

adj. of or pertaining to biosynthesis. [ WordNet 1.5 ]

n. [ Chemical + synthesis. ] (Plant Physiol.) Synthesis of organic compounds by energy derived from chemical changes or reactions. Chemosynthesis of carbohydrates occurs in the nitrite bacteria through the oxidation of ammonia to nitrous acid, and in the nitrate bacteria through the conversion of nitrous into nitric acid. -- Chem`o*syn*thet"ic a. [Webster 1913 Suppl.]

a. [ Gr. &unr_;. See Para-, and Synthetic. ] Formed from a compound word. “Parasynthetic derivatives.” Dr. Murray. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. (Plant Physiol.) The process of constructive metabolism in which green plants utilize the energy of sunlight to manufacture carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll. It was formerly called assimilation, but this is now commonly used as in animal physiology. -- Pho`to*syn*thet"ic a. -- Pho`to*syn*thet"ic*al*ly adv. [ Webster 1913 Suppl. ]

In green plants water is absorbed by the roots and carried to the leaves by the xylem, and carbon dioxide is obtained from air that enters the leaves through the stomata and diffuses to the cells containing chlorophyll. The green pigment chlorophyll is uniquely capable of converting the active energy of light into a latent form that can be stored (in food) and used when needed.
The initial process in photosynthesis is the decomposition of water (H2O) into oxygen, which is released, and hydrogen; direct light is required for this process. The hydrogen and the carbon and oxygen of carbon dioxide (CO2) are then converted into a series of increasingly complex compounds that result finally in a stable organic compound, glucose (C6H12O6 ), and water. This phase of photosynthesis utilizes stored energy and therefore can proceed in the dark. The simplified equation used to represent this overall process is 6CO2+12H2O+energy=C6H12O6+6O2+6H2 O. In general, the results of this process are the reverse of those in respiration, in which carbohydrates are oxidized to release energy, with the production of carbon dioxide and water.
The intermediary reactions before glucose is formed involve several enzymes, which react with the coenzyme ATP (see adenosine triphosphate ) to produce various molecules. Studies using radioactive carbon have indicated that among the intermediate products are three-carbon molecules from which acids and amino acids, as well as glucose, are derived.
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0860378.html

The role of chlorophyll
Chlorophyll contains a hydrophyllic head group and a hydrophobic tail region. A magnesium atom is held in the center of a cyclic, conjugated double bond porphyrin ring which is responsible for absorbing red light. (There also is an absorption band in the blue. Thus red and blue are absorbed and green passes through, giving plants a characteristic green color.)
Light is absorbed by antenna chlorophyll molecules, then transferred to the reaction center chlorophylls. Some hundreds of antenna chlorophyll molecules transfer energy to a reaction center, with transfer times of about 10^-10 sec from the edge of the unit to the center.
The energy from light is used to pump H+ ions from the stroma into the thylakoid space and to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. Flow of H+ back into the stroma releases energy which is used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP. The chemiosmotic coupling is working here in a similar way to the mechanism of ATP generation used in mitochondria.

Carbon Fixation Carbon fixation is catalyzed by ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBP carboxylase), the world's most abundent enzyme.
The
Calvin cycle combines three carbon dioxide molecules into one molecule of three carbon glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Some plants, particularly many which live in hot, dry climates, have a mechanism for storing carbon dioxide by combining it with a three carbon molecule to form a four carbon molecule. This pathway is known as the C4 or Hatch-Slack pathway.
https://web.archive.org/web/20011111194455/http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Tom/bil255/bil255sum98/17_photo.html [ PJC ]

n. [ Poly- + synthesis. ] 1. The act or process of combining many separate elements into a whole. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. (Philol.) The formation of a word by the combination of several simple words, as in the aboriginal languages of America; agglutination. Latham. [ 1913 Webster ]

a. [ Poly- + synthetic. ] Characterized by polysynthesis; agglutinative. [ 1913 Webster ]

Polysynthetic twinning (Min.), repeated twinning, like that of the triclinic feldspar, producing fine parallel bands in alternately reversed positions. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. Polysynthesis. [ 1913 Webster ]

a. [ Pref. syn- + thermal. ] Having the same degree of heat. [ 1913 Webster ]

n.; pl. Syntheses [ L., a mixture, properly, a putting together, Gr. &unr_;, fr. &unr_; to place or put together; sy`n with + &unr_; to place. See Thesis. ] 1. Composition, or the putting of two or more things together, as in compounding medicines. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. (Chem.) The art or process of making a compound by putting the ingredients together, as contrasted with analysis; thus, water is made by synthesis from hydrogen and oxygen; hence, specifically, the building up of complex compounds by special reactions, whereby their component radicals are so grouped that the resulting substances are identical in every respect with the natural articles when such occur; thus, artificial alcohol, urea, indigo blue, alizarin, etc., are made by synthesis. [ 1913 Webster ]

3. (Logic) The combination of separate elements of thought into a whole, as of simple into complex conceptions, species into genera, individual propositions into systems; -- the opposite of analysis. [ 1913 Webster ]

Analysis and synthesis, though commonly treated as two different methods, are, if properly understood, only the two necessary parts of the same method. Each is the relative and correlative of the other. Sir W. Hamilton. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. One who employs synthesis, or who follows synthetic methods. [ 1913 Webster ]

v. t. 1. To combine by synthesis; to unite. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. To produce by synthesis; as, to synthesize albumin. [ 1913 Webster ]

{ } a. [ Gr. &unr_;: cf. F. synthétique. ] 1. Of or pertaining to synthesis; consisting in synthesis or composition; as, the synthetic method of reasoning, as opposed to analytical. [ 1913 Webster ]

Philosophers hasten too much from the analytic to the synthetic method; that is, they draw general conclusions from too small a number of particular observations and experiments. Bolingbroke. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. (Chem.) Artificial. Cf. Synthesis, 2. [ 1913 Webster ]

3. (Zool.) Comprising within itself structural or other characters which are usually found only in two or more diverse groups; -- said of species, genera, and higher groups. See the Note under Comprehensive, 3. [ 1913 Webster ]

Synthetic language, or
Synthetical language, an inflectional language, or one characterized by grammatical endings; -- opposed to analytic language. R. Morris. [ 1913 Webster ]

adv. In a synthetic manner. [ 1913 Webster ]