*capitula*

n. [ LL. capitulare, capitularium, fr. L. capitulum a small head, a chapter, dim. of capit head, chapter. ] 1. An act passed in a chapter. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. A member of a chapter. [ 1913 Webster ]

The chapter itself, and all its members or capitulars. Ayliffe. [ 1913 Webster ]

3. The head or prominent part. [ 1913 Webster ]

a. 1. (Eccl.) Of or pertaining to a chapter; capitulary. [ 1913 Webster ]

From the pope to the member of the capitular body. Milman. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. (Bot.) Growing in, or pertaining to, a capitulum. [ 1913 Webster ]

3. (Anat.) Pertaining to a capitulum; as, the capitular process of a vertebra, the process which articulates with the capitulum of a rib. [ 1913 Webster ]

adv. In the manner or form of an ecclesiastical chapter. Sterne. [ 1913 Webster ]

n.; pl. Capitularies /plu>. [ See Capitular. ] 1. A capitular. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. The body of laws or statutes of a chapter, or of an ecclesiastical council. [ 1913 Webster ]

3. A collection of laws or statutes, civil and ecclesiastical, esp. of the Frankish kings, in chapters or sections. [ 1913 Webster ]

Several of Charlemagne's capitularies. Hallam. [ 1913 Webster ]

a. Relating to the chapter of a cathedral; capitular. “Capitulary acts.” Warton. [ 1913 Webster ]

v. i. [ imp. & p. p. Capitulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Capitulating. ] [ LL. capitulatus, p. p. of capitulare to capitulate: cf. F. capituler. See Capitular, n. ] 1. To settle or draw up the heads or terms of an agreement, as in chapters or articles; to agree. [ Obs. ] [ 1913 Webster ]

There capitulates with the king . . . to take to wife his daughter Mary. Heylin. [ 1913 Webster ]

There is no reason why the reducing of any agreement to certain heads or capitula should not be called to capitulate. Trench. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. To surrender on terms agreed upon (usually, drawn up under several heads); as, an army or a garrison capitulates. [ 1913 Webster ]

The Irish, after holding out a week, capitulated. Macaulay. [ 1913 Webster ]

v. t. To surrender or transfer, as an army or a fortress, on certain conditions. [ R. ] [ 1913 Webster ]

n. [ Cf. F. capitulation, LL. capitulatio. ] 1. A reducing to heads or articles; a formal agreement. [ 1913 Webster ]

With special capitulation that neither the Scots nor the French shall refortify. Bp. Burnet. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. The act of capitulating or surrendering to an enemy upon stipulated terms. [ 1913 Webster ]

3. The instrument containing the terms of an agreement or surrender. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. [ LL. ] One who capitulates. [ 1913 Webster ]

v. t. [ L. recapitulare, recapitulatum; pref. re- re- + capitulum a small head, chapter, section. See Capitulate. ] To repeat, as the principal points in a discourse, argument, or essay; to give a summary of the principal facts, points, or arguments of; to relate in brief; to summarize. [ 1913 Webster ]

v. i. To sum up, or enumerate by heads or topics, what has been previously said; to repeat briefly the substance. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. [ LL. recapitulatio: cf. F. recapitulation. ] 1. The act of recapitulating; a summary, or concise statement or enumeration, of the principal points, facts, or statements, in a preceding discourse, argument, or essay. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. (Zool.) That process of development of the individual organism from the embryonic stage onward, which displays a parallel between the development of an individual animal (ontogeny) and the historical evolution of the species (phylogeny). Some authors recognize two types of recapitulation, palingenesis, in which the truly ancestral characters conserved by heredity are reproduced during development; and cenogenesis (kenogenesis or coenogenesis), the mode of individual development in which alterations in the development process have changed the original process of recapitulation and obscured the evolutionary pathway. [ PJC ]

This parallel is explained by the theory of evolution, according to which, in the words of Sidgwick, "the developmental history of the individual appears to be a short and simplified repetition, or in a certain sense a recapitulation, of the course of development of the species." Examples of recapitulation may be found in the embryological development of all vertebrates. Thus the frog develops through stages in which the embryo just before hatching is very fish-like, after hatching becomes a tadpole which exhibits many newt-like characters; and finally reaches the permanent frog stage. This accords with the comparative rank of the fish, newt and frog groups in classification; and also with the succession appearance of these groups. Man, as the highest animal, exhibits most completely these phenomena. In the earliest stages the human embryo is indistinguishable from that of any other creature. A little later the cephalic region shows gill-slits, like those which in a shark are a permanent feature, and the heart is two-chambered or fish-like. Further development closes the gill-slits, and the heart changes to the reptilian type. Here the reptiles stop, while birds and mammals advance further; but the human embryo in its progress to the higher type recapitulates and leaves features characteristic of lower mammalian forms -- for instance, a distinct and comparatively long tail exists. Most of these changes are completed before the embryo is six weeks old, but some traces of primitive and obsolete structures persist throughout life as "vestiges" or "rudimentary organs," and others appear after birth in infancy, as the well-known tendency of babies to turn their feet sideways and inward, and to use their toes and feet as grasping organs, after the manner of monkeys. This recapitulation of ancestral characters in ontogeny is not complete, however, for not all the stages are reproduced in every case, so far as can be perceived; and it is irregular and complicated in various ways among others by the inheritance of acquired characters. The most special students of it, as Haeckel, Fritz Mütter, Hyatt, Balfour, etc., distinguish two sorts of recapitulation palingenesis, exemplified in amphibian larvae and coenogenesis, the last manifested most completely in the metamorphoses of insects. Palingenesis is recapitulation without any fundamental changes due to the later modification of the primitive method of development, while in coenogenesis, the mode of development has suffered alterations which obscure the original process of recapitulation, or support it entirely. Encyclopedia Americana, 1961. [ PJC ]

n. One who recapitulates. [ 1913 Webster ]