- (prt) endorsing and questioning the preceding statement (sentence ending particle); lamenting reflections on the preceding statement (sentence ending particle)[edict]
- (prt) (1) although; when; and yet; despite this; in spite of; even though; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless; for all that; notwithstanding that; (2) while; (3) if only; I wish; (4) I tell you; you should do; (5) in order to; (P)[edict]
- (suf,prt) (literary equiv. of だけ) only; nothing but; (P)[edict]
- (n) (See スラグ) slag[edict]
- (prt) (1) (uk) (occasionally ん) indicates possessive; (2) verb and adjective nominalizer (nominaliser); (3) substituting for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (4) (often ん) indicates a confident conclusion; (5) emotional emphasis (sentence end) (fem); (6) indicates question (sentence end); (P)[edict]
- (prt) (arch) possessive (used on tombs, etc.)[edict]
- (n,n-suf,ctr) (after a number in the hito-, futa-, mi- counting system) unit of measurement for cloth breadth (30-38 cm)[edict]
- (n) (1) (arch) shaft (of an arrow); (2) (arch) (See 矢竹・2) arrow bamboo (Pseudosasa japonica)[edict]
- (v1,vt) (1) (See 土を固める・つちをかためる) to harden; to freeze; to strengthen; to solidify; to make (a fist); to tramp down (snow, dirt); (2) to put together; to collect; to gather; to consolidate; (3) (See 身を固める・みをかためる) to make secure; to stabilize; to settle down; to strengthen (belief, resolution, etc.); to establish (evidence); (4) (See 国境を固める・こっきょうをかためる,嘘で固める・うそでかためる) to fortify; to reinforce; to support; (5) (in the form に身をかためる) to wear for a specific purpose (armor, coat, etc.); (6) to swear; to resolutely vow; to sincerely promise; (7) to tie tightly; to fasten; (8) to hold a bow fully drawn; (P)[edict]